Pharmaceutical Industry: A Promising Future

 By Vijay K Shetty 

High life expectancy and lower death rates are attributed to the valuable contributions by the Pharma Industry. The pharmaceutical industry is a constantly evolving one. It is an industry which has the highest amount of research and development activities as compared to other sectors of the industry. This industry develops, produces, and markets drugs licensed for use as medications to cure various kinds of illnesses. Pharmaceutical companies can deal in generic and/or brand medications.

This industry has to face a lot of rules, regulations and abide by numerous laws related to patenting testing and marketing of drugs. The use of internet promoted consumerism since direct purchase of drugs by consumers, etc was easily possible. Also, the increased advertising in electronic media gave this industry the much needed boost.

As mentioned earlier, this industry relies heavily on research and development, and incurs unfathomable costs for the same. Despite these, due to the criticality of the issue, which involves the lives of millions, this involves deep scrutiny, and hence, every year, only about 25 drugs are approved for marketing.

The United States accounts for almost half of the global pharmaceutical market and this industry has been one of the most profitable of all businesses. Recently, the pharmaceutical industry topped the list of most profitable industries, with a 17% return on revenue.

The largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies ranked by healthcare surveys are Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer and GlaxoSmithKline. The term Big Pharma is used for such companies whose revenue exceeds $3 billion. Because this industry involves huge costs, they can apply for patent rights to protect their inventions.

The most important players in this industry are physicians, assistants, and nurses because they are the ones on whose prescription depends the life of patients.

In India, this is the most organized sector and plays an important role in sustaining development in the field of global medicine. Due to the presence of low cost manufacturing facilities, educated and skilled manpower and cheap labour force, the industry can reach great heights in production, manufacturing, research and development. It is expected to increase at an annual growth rate of 9.9%. Some interesting facts are that this industry grows at about 1.5 times the GDP. Globally, an India rank 3rd in terms of volume of manufacturing pharmaceuticals, and the retail pharma market is expected to cross $12 billion by 2012. The key players in the Indian market are Ranbaxy, Dr. Reddy's, Cipla, etc.

The Pharma Industry is highly lucrative and offers huge growth opportunities, since a lot of initiatives are taken by the Government to support this industry. The wake of investments gives a promising future to the pharmaceutical industry. It has tremendous potential for growth and there are several upcoming projects with tie-up companies, both in the domestic and global market.

Vijay K Shetty,

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The Japan Car Industry

 By Shiba Yoichiro 

According to consumer reports, Japan cars still dominate the automotive industry. Consumers prefer Japan cars because of the reliability, performance and style. The count of Japan car owners is ticking every second. As per the predictions, Japan made vehicles will hold the top position based on reliability in every vehicle category by the year 2009. This tremendous growth of the Japanese automotive industry is due to the trust that the renowned Japan car manufacturers like Mitsubishi, Honda and Toyota have created among the customers.

Mitsubishi- The Unbeatable

Mitsubishi, the best Japan car manufacturer is well known for the style and dependability of their products. Starting from Mitsubishi Lancer, every Mitsubishi vehicle delivers unleashed power with great fuel economy. More than 6 million Mitsubishi Lancer variants were sold since its debut on 1973. The Japan trucks are the preferred one's worldwide because of the same reason-"reliability". The Mitsubishi L200 is a unique Japan truck (compact pickup truck). Style, dependability, comfort and great power to pull heavy weights are the attractions of this Japan truck. Mitsubishi L200 is still very popular since its launch on 1978.

Toyota - Reflecting Japanese Culture

Toyota's existence in the automotive industry, as early as the 1930s has gained the automotive giants a lot of experience in manufacturing high quality cars. The aerodynamics of the Japan made Toyota cars is the noticeable feature. The exteriors of Toyota vehicles are considerably streamlined for proper aerodynamics to ensure great fuel efficiency and great riding comfort. Toyota cars reflect the simplicity and emphasize the fashionable design of classic styled Japanese culture. Toyota land cruiser "Prado" is the well known SUV. Toyota Prado has gained global attention and is one of the best SUVs that are available in the planet today.

Honda - Best cars from the world's largest Engine manufacturer

Honda manufactures a whooping 14 million IC engines every year. Honda jumped into the automobile industry by manufacturing motorbikes. Later the debut of Honda S500 a 2-door roadster featuring a 492cc engine made them enter into the Car manufacturing spot in the 60s. Today, Honda boasts a wide range of top quality cars like CR-V, Civic, FR-V, Jazz, Legend and S2000. Honda CRV is the buzz in the SUV world today. The added luxury and comfort makes Honda CRV the dream SUV of all the SUV enthusiasts.

Buying used Japan cars is beneficial in many ways

Buying used Japan cars from a Japan car exporter is the wisest move that anyone can make. While the used cars will be as good as the new ones, they also come with the bundled accessories. Accessorizing your new car will drain your wallet. You can buy a used car at a 20-30% lower price than a new one and also save huge money spent in accessorizing your car. There are many websites who list the Japan car exporters online. These website are pretty simple to use and you can find your dream Japan car in no time.

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The Pakistan Textile Industry - An Overview

 By Gaurav Doshi 

The textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. It contributes significantly to the country's GDP, exports as well as employment. It is, in fact, the backbone of the Pakistani economy.

Established capacity

The textile industry of Pakistan has a total established spinning capacity of 1550 million kgs of yarn, weaving capacity of 4368 million square metres of fabric and finishing capacity of 4000 million square metres. The industry has a production capacity of 670 million units of garments, 400 million units of knitwear and 53 million kgs of towels.

The industry has a total of 1221 units engaged in ginning and 442 units engaged in spinning. There are around 124 large units that undertake weaving and 425 small units. There are around 20600 power looms in operation in the industry. The industry also houses around 10 large finishing units and 625 small units.

Pakistan's textile industry has about 50 large and 2500 small garment manufacturing units. Moreover, it also houses around 600 knitwear-producing units and 400 towel-producing units.

Contribution to exports

According to recent figures, the Pakistan textile industry contributes more than 60% to the country's total exports, which amounts to around 5.2 billion US dollars. The industry contributes around 46% to the total output produced in the country.

In Asia, Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile products.

Contribution to GDP and employment

The contribution of this industry to the total GDP is 8.5%. It provides employment to 38% of the work force in the country, which amounts to a figure of 15 million. However, the proportion of skilled labor is very less as compared to that of unskilled labor.

Organisations in the industry

All Pakistan Textile Mills Association is the chief organization that determines the rules and regulations in the Pakistan textile industry.

Opportunities available

The world demand for textiles is rising at around 2.5%, due to which there is a greater opportunity for rise in exports from Pakistan.

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Current Oil Industry in Dubai

By Jasdeep Kaur 

In the 19th century, Arabs depended on barter and trade of gold and pearls for survival. With the discovery of oil and gas in the sixties, the scenario changed. Oil and gas are the nerves of UAE since 1962 and it is the 4th largest producer in the world. The country was not under developed back then. Today, it is the backbone of the economy. In the year 1962, petroleum was first exported. Petroleum dominates the economic power of the city. In the 20th century, the trade was upgraded to the rich oil resources. Oil trading became the primary source of trade and revenue in the Emirate. With the transformation of the trading materials, the city moved on with a fast pace. In 1985, it reached the highest per capita income in the world with US $19,120. This brought all round development in the region. Various job opportunities also attracted professionals and unskilled labour from Asian countries. Unlike oil production the region did not have much infrastructure for agriculture, fishing, sheep rearing, herding or poultry. Although Abu Dhabi is the richest in terms of oil production, it is Dubai which is more recognised as the industry leader in other sectors. At one point smuggling activities dominated the port areas of Dubai, all that has now changed. It has become a flourishing business centre amongst the GCC.

The oil industry is still controlled by the government. They know that it is this produce that brings them on the forefront of development in other sectors. They also know that the oil reserves are likely to dry up in the coming 20 years. They are producing 240, 000 barrels a day and good quality of gas from offshore fields. The main offshore fields are Fateh, Southwest Fateh, Falah and Rashid. The Margham onshore deposit field is in isolation. The Dubai Petroleum Company is the main facilitator in this part. The UAE has helped to stabilise the oil industry in the region and the world. Its rulers have positive and a very balanced way of handling the price structure. It participated in two major petroleum cuts in 1998 and 2000. This was critical to survival of the economy and OPEC also. In 1998 they reduced production by 1.7mbd. In 2000 they also were agreeable to holding the OPEC summit in Venezuela to strengthen world oil supply. They also joined the mega-project of Dolphin initiative where the DSA (Dubai Supply Authority) agreed to buy off Qatari gas. This move consolidates the UAE's policies on oil trade in the region. Dubai contributes 2% of gas reserves of UAE. The state's Dubai Natural Gas Company produces natural gas in the offshore fields and a gas piped from Sharjah. The rulers are being taken seriously by the world community in other sectors.

The natural oil gas industry is still worth its weight in gold, the rulers have become more practical by diversifying in sectors which are proving to be an asset to the economy.

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INDUSTRY

Industry is the production of an economic good or service within an economy.European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies. This occurred through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the production of steel and coal. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries. Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

Manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in 

Classification of Industry:

 

Industries can be classified in a variety of ways. At the top level, industry is often classified into sectors: Primary or extractive, secondary or manufacturing, and tertiary or services. Some authors add quaternary (knowledge) or even quinary (culture and research) sectors. Over time, the fraction of a society's industry within each sector changes.

Sector	Definition
Primary	This involves the extraction of resources directly from the Earth, this includes farming, mining and logging. They do not process the products at all. They send it off to factories to make a profit.
Secondary	This group is involved in the processing products from primary industries. This includes all factories—those that refine metals, produce furniture, or pack farm products such as meat.
Tertiary	This group is involved in the provision of services. They include teachers, managers and other service providers.
Quaternary	This group is involved in the research of science and technology. They include scientists.
Quinary Sector	Some consider there to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the quinary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.

There are many other different kinds of industries, and often organized into different classes or sectors by a variety of industrial classifications. Market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used in finance and market research. These classification systems commonly divide industries according to similar functions and markets and identify businesses producing related products. Industries can also be identified by product, such as: chemical industry, petroleum industry, automotive industry, electronic industry, meatpacking industry, hospitality industry, food industry, fish industry, software industry, paper industry, entertainment industry, semiconductor industry, cultural industry, and poverty industry.

Industrial development:

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

Deindustrialisation:

 

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to economically more favourable locations through a process of off-shoring.

The major difficulty for people looking to measure manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect is finding a measurement which is stable historically. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The lowering of employee numbers in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to be caused by a decline in the competitiveness of the sector although much has been caused by the introduction of the lean manufacturing process. Eventually, this will lead to competing product lines being managed by one of two people, as is already the case in the cigarette manufacturing industry.

Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the product being manufactured. While it is easy to produce a low tech, low skill product, the ability to manufacture high quality products is limited to companies with a high skilled staff.

Society:

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

Industrial labour:

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

War:

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industry, military industry and modern warfare.

ISIC:

 

ISIC is a standard classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The categories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is, in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units, and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.

While ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in defining and delineating ISIC classes.